Familia y amigos
Introducción
Hi again!! We will be talking about family. Your family members are also called your relatives. You have an immediate or nuclear family and an extended family. Your immediate family includes your father, mother and siblings. Your extended family includes all of the people in your father and mother’s families.
Your sibling is your brother or sister. If you have 1 brother and 2 sisters, then you have 3 siblings. Your parents are your father or mother. Your child is your son or daughter. Your spouse is your husband or wife.
You may also have a stepfamily. Your stepfamily includes people who became part of your family due to changes in family life. These changes may include death, divorce or separation. New partnerships create new children. The new children and their relatives become part of your blended family. Some people are born into a stepfamily.
Note that spouses and step-relatives are relatives by marriage. They are not blood relatives. Your father and mother are related by marriage. But your father and you are related by blood.
Let’s go and analyze this further.
Desarrollo del tema
Familia y amigos
Familia/Family: Mother, father, parents, brother, sister, daughter, son, siblings, grandmother, grandfather, grandparents, aunt, uncle, cousin, niece, nephew.
Amigos/Friends: friend, classmate, best friend, boyfriend, girlfriend, partner, colleague, neighbor/ neighbour, work/business colleague.
For more on the family vocabulary go to: Family Tree Chart: Useful Family Relationship Chart with Family Words in English
Reading:
The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, United States. The most commonly recurring characters are Homer’s father Abraham «Grampa» Simpson; Marge’s sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier; and the family’s two pets, Santa’s Little Helper and Snowball II. Other family members include Homer’s mother Mona Simpson, Homer’s half-brother Herbert Powell, Marge’s mother Jacqueline Bouvier, and other minor relatives.
(The Simpsons, taken from from: familia simpson)
Reading:
The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa, and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, United States. The most commonly recurring characters are Homer’s father Abraham «Grampa» Simpson; Marge’s sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier; and the family’s two pets, Santa’s Little Helper and Snowball II. Other family members include Homer’s mother Mona Simpson, Homer’s half-brother Herbert Powell, Marge’s mother Jacqueline Bouvier, and other minor relatives.
(The Simpsons, taken from from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson_family)
- Who is Abraham?
- Who are Patty and Selma?
- Who is your favorite character from the Simpsons family?
Verbo have/has afirmativo
Recuerdas el verbo have, es muy relevante ahora que queremos decir que familiares tenemos. Have and has are different forms of the verb to have. Even though they come from the same word, there are slight differences in the way they’re used. Have is used with I, you, we, and they, while has is used with he, she, and it. The verb to have has many different meanings. Its primary meaning is “to possess, own, hold for use, or contain.”
- Affirmative
- I have
- You have
- He/she/it has
- We have
- You have
- They have
For more on the have/has check the following video: Have / Has Basics – ESL Present Tense Level 1 – Adult Education
Adjetivos posesivos y el genitivo ´s
Los adjetivos posesivos se usan para mostrar pertenencia y son similares a los pronombres posesivos, pero los adjetivos posesivos siempre se colocan antes de un sustantivo. Los adjetivos posesivos funcionan como adjetivos, modificando el sustantivo. Estos son los adjetivos posesivos y los sujetos que representan:
Estructura de la oración: adjetivo posesivo + sustantivo
- El genitivo -s . No se debe confundir con los pronombres posesivos.
Así podemos decir:
- Her dress (Su vestido [de ella]) O podemos decir:
- Andrea ‘s dress (El vestido de Andrea)
En ambos casos expresamos un poseedor y un objeto que se posee, en este caso el vestido. En la primera frase, el pronombre posesivo femenino “her” indica que tanto el hablante como el oyente acaban de hacer referencia a la misma persona. En cambio, en el segundo caso, el hablante quiere dar a conocer el nombre del poseedor.
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
1. Siempre utilizamos el genitivo para referirnos a personas:
- Paul’s house…(La casa de Paul…)
- Mary’s bike…(La bicicleta de Maria…)
2. Cuando nos referimos a cosas o lugares utilizaremos la preposición “of”:
- The wheel of the bike…(La rueda de la bicicleta…)
- Washington is the capital of the United States.(Washington es la capital de los Estados Unidos.)
3. También podemos utilizar el genitivo al final de la oración que acostumbra a ser la respuesta a una pregunta anterior. En estos casos no necesitamos el nombre.
- Where is your sister?(¿Dónde está tu hermana?) She is at my parents’.(Está en la casa de mis padres.)
- Whose house is this?(¿De quién es esta casa?)It is Michael ‘s.(Es de Miguel.)
4. Cuando hay más de un poseedor, el apóstrofe viene después de la “s”.
- The girls’ toys ….(los juguetes de las niñas…)
- The students’ exams…(los exámenes de los estudiantes…)
WARNING!
Cuando el nombre del poseedor termina en una “s”, el genitivo se añade a final del poseedor, pero sólo añadiendo el apóstrofo y no la “-s” del genitivo.
Luis’ house…(La casa de Luis….)
Información tomada de: #1-Personal Pronouns
For more information on possessives go to: Confusing English: Possessive (‘S) – (Easy Explanation)
Pronombres posesivos
No confundas los adjetivos posesivos con los pronombres posesivos, pues estos también muestran pertenencia, pero los pronombres posesivos se colocan después del sustantivo o el objeto.
Example:
- The hat you found is mine. -Pronombre posesivo
- That is my hat-Adjetivo posesivo
Pronombres objeto
Los personal object pronouns son palabras que se utilizan para sustituir a un nombre y así evitar repeticiones. La principal diferencia entre los personal pronouns y los personal object pronouns es que mientras que los primeros reemplazan a un nombre que hace la función de sujeto, los segundos sustituyen a un nombre que no hace función de sujeto.
Una de las principales características de los personal object pronouns es que se sitúan detrás del verbo o bien detrás de una preposición (at, for, with, etc.).
For more on the object pronouns check the following: Subject and object pronouns in English
For a bit of practice go to the following page game: Juego de pronombres sujeto objeto
Plurales irregulares
En clases previas mencionamos que así como en español, en inglés solo se agrega una “s” al sujeto en individual para hablar de muchos objetos, esos son los plurales regulares: no obstante, también existen los plurales irregulares de los que hablaremos a continuación, pero antes checa el siguiente video:
For plural nouns, check the following video: Singular & Plural Nouns
Plural Noun Rules
There are many plural noun rules, and because we use nouns so frequently when writing, it’s important to know all of them! The correct spelling of plurals usually depends on what letter the singular noun ends in.
- To make regular nouns plural, add ‑s to the end.
- cat – cats
- house – houses
2. If the singular noun ends in ‑s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add ‑es to the end to make it plural.
- class/classes
- bus – buses
- marsh – marshes
- bush -bushes
- Box -boxes
- Quiz- quizzes.
3. In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.
- fez – fezzes
- gas –gasses
4. If the noun ends with ‑f or ‑fe, the f is often changed to ‑ve before adding the -s to form the plural version. Then some nouns ending in “f” require that you change the “f” to a “v” and then add an “es” at the end to make them plural. For example, you might have not just one elf sneaking into your house on Christmas night, but two elves.
- wife – wives
- wolf – wolves
The English language loves to have exceptions, though, so the houses in your neighborhood have roofs, not roofs, and your wacky old uncle has crazy beliefs, not believes. Exceptions:
- roof – roofs
- belief – beliefs
- chef – chefs
- chief – chiefs
5. If a singular noun ends in ‑y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to ‑ies to make the noun plural. So, while you may enjoy making silly faces at a stranger’s baby, you may not be thrilled to find yourself surrounded by strangers’ babies on a long flight.
- Baby/babies, country/countries, puppy/puppies.
6. English would not be half as fun without lots of little exceptions, and there is one with this rule. Luckily, there is a tip to help us out with this one. With a noun that ends with “y”, if there is a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) right before the “y”, then you just add an “s” at the end to make the noun plural.
- ray – rays
- boy – boys
7. Plurals of words ending in -o are usually made by adding -es. Like potato-potatoes, tomato- tomatoes or hero-heroes.
- potato – potatoes
- tomato – tomatoes
- hero-heroes
- mango-mangoes
But of course, there are exceptions. (Aren’t there always?) Some words ending in -o that are borrowed from other languages take only an “s” to make a plural, such as pianos, cantos, photos, and halos and zeros.
With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct:
- volcanoes
- volcanos
8. If the singular noun ends in ‑us, the plural ending is frequently ‑i. Many plurals of words ending in -us have anglicized versions, formed by simply adding -es. The latter method sounds more natural in informal settings. If there is an anglicized version that is well accepted, this will be noted in the dictionary entry for the word you are using.
- Singular (-us) Plural (-i)
- focus foci (also focuses)
- radius radii (also radiuses)
- fungus fungi
- nucleus nuclei cactus cacti
- alumnus alumni*
9. If the singular noun ends in ‑is, the plural ending is ‑es.
- analysis – analyses
- ellipsis – ellipses
10. If the singular noun ends in ‑on, the plural ending is ‑a.
- phenomenon – phenomena
- criterion – criteria
11. Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized. they are the same in both their singular and plural forms. So, I can have one deer or two deer – or one sheep or two sheep. Or I might be hooked on one T.V. series or two T.V. series.
- Fish-fish
- sheep – sheep
- series – series
- species – species
- deer –deer
Información tomada de: Sustantivos en plural: reglas y ejemplos
Irregular nouns
Most singular nouns are made plural by simply putting an -s at the end. There are many different rules regarding pluralization depending on what letter a noun ends in. Irregular nouns do not follow plural noun rules, so they must be memorized or looked up in the dictionary. You’re probably familiar with many of these already. For example, the plural form of man is men, not mans. The plural form of woman is “women”, not “womans”. There are hundreds of irregular plural nouns, and in truth, you must memorize them through reading and speaking. There are, however, some common patterns to look out for.
These next ones change substantially, for a variety of historical reasons, some words change in spelling substantially when made plural. Most people do not get it right, so you will be impressed when you show that you know how it is done.
And finally, a hyphenated compound noun becomes plural when you make the first noun plural.
For more on the irregular plurals check the following videos. Singular and Plural Nouns for Kids
For a little practice try: Aprendizaje del idioma inglés
Try pluralizing the following:
- hoof
- guppy
- study
- tray
- nanny
- loaf
- father-in-law
Conclusión
Recuerda que en presente simple el verbo HAVE tiene dos conjugaciones: HAVE or HAS.
- HAVE se usa con los pronombres personales: I, You, We, They.
- HAS se usa con la tercera persona del singular en inglés; es decir, los pronombres: He, She, It (animal, cosa o lugar). Esta diferencia en el presente simple sólo aplica para las oraciones en afirmativo. No aplica ni para las oraciones interrogativas o ni para las negativas.
- The possessive form is used with nouns referring to people, groups of people, countries, and animals. It shows a relationship of belonging between one thing and another.
To show property we can work with:
- genitive (´s)
- possessive adjectives
- possessive pronouns
En resumen, los posessive adjetives se colocan antes del objeto, mientras que los possesive personal pronouns muestran pertenencia, pero se colocan después del sustantivo o el objeto.
Además, los personal object pronouns sustituyen a los nombres que hacen función de objeto, es decir, a la persona, animal o cosa que recibe directa o indirectamente la acción expresada por el verbo. Siempre se colocan detrás de un verbo o una preposición.
Don´t forget your consigna for this class. See you next time